Reference
Technical guides
Field-by-field explanations of how to read analytical documentation for research peptides: Certificates of Analysis, HPLC purity, mass-spectrometry identity confirmation, and lyophilized-material storage.
How to read a Certificate of Analysis
A field-by-field walkthrough of a peptide Certificate of Analysis: batch identifiers, HPLC purity, mass-spec identity, TFA content, and how to match a COA to a physical vial.
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What HPLC purity means
How reverse-phase HPLC measures peptide purity, what a chromatogram peak actually represents, and the limits of a single purity percentage.
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Mass spectrometry identity confirmation
How ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF confirm peptide identity by molecular mass, why purity and identity are separate analytical questions, and how to read a mass spec result on a COA.
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Storing lyophilized peptide material
How temperature, light exposure and moisture affect lyophilized peptide reference material during storage, and what a COA's storage recommendation is based on.
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TFA content on a Certificate of Analysis
What residual trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is, why it appears on peptide COAs, how it is measured, and what a TFA content figure does and does not tell you.
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Third-party vs in-house testing
The difference between a manufacturer's in-house COA and an independent third-party laboratory report, and what to look for when evaluating either.
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